Artificial intelligence is gradually exerting influence around us. Doing targeted advertising on social media, screening job seekers, determining ticket prices, controlling central heating systems through voice recognition, creating cultural output, or regulating traffic flow, etc., artificial intelligence has more and more tasks in human life.
Musk predicts that by the end of 2017, Tesla driverless cars will be able to travel safely across the United States without human intervention. Social robots live around humans and can perform many home or care tasks within a decade.
It is widely believed that by 2050 we will be able to make progress in other areas beyond these specific areas, ultimately achieving Universal Artificial Intelligence (AGI). AGI is part of the new concept operating system Singularity released by Microsoft. The idea is that computers can transcend humans on any cognitive task, and human-computer integration has become extremely common. What happens after that, no one can say.
One interesting imagining is to install computer parts in the human body, which makes it easier to process data. The "neural mesh" envisioned by some in the field of artificial intelligence can act as an extra layer of skin outside the brain, connecting us to electronic devices with speed and efficiency. This will be a major innovation in machine parts, that is, electronic pacemakers and titanium alloy joints in the "semi-robot" body. The focus of future artificial intelligence will be on military and defense applications, and the concept of fully autonomous weapons is highly controversial. This weapon system can search, identify, select, and destroy an algorithm-based target and learn from past security threats, but without human involvement. This is a rather scary concept.
These ideas about artificial intelligence dominate the future of mankind, almost sci-fi dystopia, reminiscent of the "Terminator" scene.
Accidental discriminationThere may still be a way to go before human beings can be destroyed, but now the warnings surrounding the ethics of artificial intelligence have already sounded the alarm. Just last month, machine learning algorithms have been criticized because it actively recommends Amazon users to make bomb components, embody gender inequality in job advertisements, and spread hate messages through social media. Much of the reason for this error is the quality and nature of the data in machine learning. The machine will draw less perfect conclusions from human data. Today, this result raises serious questions about the management of algorithms and the artificial intelligence mechanisms in everyday life.
Recently, a young American man with a history of mental illness was denied a job because his attitude toward an algorithmic personality test was not satisfactory. He believes that he has been unfairly and illegally discriminated against, but since the company does not understand how the algorithm works, and the Labor Law does not currently explicitly cover the content of machine decision-making, he has not resorted to the law. China’s “social credit†program has also raised similar concerns. Last year, the program collected data from social media (including friends' posts) to assess the quality of a person's “citizenship†and use it for decision making, such as whether to give a loan to the person.
The need for artificial intelligence ethics and lawIt is necessary to develop a clear ethical system for AI operations and regulation, especially when governments and businesses have priority in certain areas, such as acquiring and maintaining electricity. Israeli historian Yuval Hralili discussed the paradox of the problem of driverless cars and trams. Innovative projects like the MIT ethical machine attempt to collect data on human ethics.
However, ethics is not the only area that involves artificial intelligence and human health issues. Artificial intelligence has had a major emotional impact on humans. Nevertheless, as a subject of artificial intelligence research, emotions are still neglected.
Feel free to browse the 3,452 peer-reviewed articles on artificial intelligence published on the Science Academic Database page over the past two years. Only 43 of them, or 1.2%, contain the word "emotion". There are even fewer articles that really describe the study of artificial intelligence emotions. When considering the Singularity system, emotions should be included in the scope of artificial machine cognitive structure considerations. However, 99% of artificial intelligence research does not seem to recognize this.
Artificial intelligence understands human feelingsWhen we talk about emotions in artificial intelligence, we mean several different things. First, the machine recognizes our emotional state and takes action accordingly. The field of emotional computing is rapidly evolving to test skin reactions, brain waves, facial expressions and other emotional data through biometric sensors. Most of the time, the calculations are accurate.
The application of this technology can be either good or evil. Companies can get feedback based on your emotional response to a movie and sell them to you in real time via a smartphone. Politicians may craft information that appeals to a specific audience. While social robots may adjust their reactions to better help patients in a medical or nursing environment, digital assistants may use a song to help boost your mood. Market forces will drive development in this area, expand its coverage, and improve its capabilities.
How do we view artificial intelligence?This is the second emotional area of ​​artificial intelligence. There has been little progress in human emotional response to artificial intelligence. Humans seem to want to connect with artificial intelligence, just as we treat most technologies, connecting people's personality with inanimate objects, letting appliances have purpose, and projecting emotions into the technology we use, such as "It's very angry with me, that's why it doesn't work" and so on.
This is called Media EquaTIon. It involves a double thinking: we understand in a rational sense that machines are not conscious creatures, but we react emotionally to them as if they have emotions. This may stem from the most basic needs of our human beings, namely interpersonal relationships and emotional connections. Without them, humans will become depressed. This demand drives humans to connect with other people and animals, even machines. The sensory experience is an important part of this combined drive and reward mechanism and a source of happiness.
False socialWhen there is no connection and a sense of belonging in our environment, we replicate this experience through television, movies, music, books, video games, and anything that provides an immersive social world. This is called the Social Surrogacy Hypothesis, a theory supported by the empirical evidence of social psychology, which is beginning to be applied to artificial intelligence.
The basic emotions of human beings are based, even in the face of virtual artificial intelligence. For example, in the face of the compliment of the digital assistant, the anger shown in the face of rejecting the mortgage application algorithm, the fear of facing the driverless car, and the AI ​​in the face of Twitter’s refusal to verify their account Sadness (I am still sad about this issue).
robotHumans are more emotionally responsive to physical artificial intelligence, that is, robots. The more a robot is like a human being, the stronger our emotional response to it. We are attracted by anthropomorphic robots, expressing positive emotions to them, and when we see them hurt, we feel sympathy and unhappiness. If they refuse us, we will even feel sad.
Interestingly, however, if a robot is almost entirely human, but not a perfect human, our assessment of them will suddenly drop and reject them. This is the so-called "horror valley" theory, and the resulting design concept is to make the robot look less human like at this stage, unless one day we can make the robot exactly the same as humans.
Gentle touchArtificial intelligence now uses haptic technology, a touch-based experience, to further deepen the emotional bond between humans and robots. Perhaps this example is the most famous: there is a furry seal Paro that is useful in nursing facilities in different countries.
Social and emotional robots have many potential uses. Some of these include caring for the elderly, helping them to live on their own, helping people who are isolated, and people with dementia, autism or disability. Touch-based sensory experiences are increasingly being integrated into virtual reality and so on into technology, which is part of it.
In other areas, artificial intelligence may be responsible for tasks such as daily household chores or teaching. A survey of 750 Korean children between the ages of 5 and 18 found that although most of them did not have any problems in the courses taught by artificial intelligence robots, many people played on artificial intelligence teachers. The emotional role expressed concern. Can robots provide advice or emotions to students? However, more than 40% of people favor the use of artificial intelligence robots instead of teachers.
As Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker said, an experience like the social alternative described above allows us to deceive ourselves. We didn't really experience socializing, but we deceived the brain and made us believe that we were so, and made ourselves feel better. However, the effect of copying is not as good as real.
ConclusionObviously, people can experience real emotions from interactions with artificial intelligence. But will we miss something that is not so far away from ourselves, besides driverless cars, virtual assistants, robot teachers, cleaners and playmates?
This scene is reminiscent of Harry Harlow's famous experiment, where isolated monkeys can choose a "mother" with soft hair instead of having to receive the milk through the cold wire mesh. Can we technically achieve everything we want, and realize that the basic emotional needs of human beings and the pleasure of the real world sensory experience do not exist? As for the extravagant things for the future, will we pursue something that is opposite to mass-produced junk food, that is, the real sensory experience and contact with real people, not robots?
The answer is, I don't know yet. However, 99% of artificial intelligence research does not focus on emotions. This fact indicates that if emotions do play a greater role in artificial intelligence, then this is either an afterthought or because emotional data allows artificial intelligence devices and their employers. Be able to have more power and money. The digital humanism program may help us to remember that when we move toward the Singularity system and human-machine integration, we should not ignore the ancient mammalian brain and their need for emotional bonds. The OpenAI project is a step toward this goal, and its goal is to make the benefits of artificial intelligence available to everyone. So let us go further and consider emotional health in the field of artificial intelligence. Who knows what this will bring to us?
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