With the rapid development of science and technology, automobiles are not only a simple transportation vehicle composed of engines and transmissions, but as a high-end consumer goods, and their electronicization is getting higher and higher, while at the same time being more safe and comfortable. Sexuality, intelligence, and more. In some high-end luxury cars, automotive electronics have accounted for more than 50% of the cost of the entire vehicle. From the application ratio, during the period of 1989-2000, the proportion of the cost of automotive electronics in the total cost of automobile manufacturing has increased from 16% to 23%. In 2003, it rose to 26.2%. In 2005, it rose to 28.8%, in 2008 it exceeded 32%. It is expected to reach 40% in 2015. Automotive electronics account for an increasing share of the entire vehicle and components.
Automotive electronics is a general term for electronic control devices for car bodies and electronic control devices for car vehicles. It is an electronic control system consisting of sensors, microprocessors, actuators, electronic components and their components. From the application development of automotive electronics, it mainly includes automotive electronic control devices, safety control systems, body control systems, entertainment and information systems.
With the widespread use of automotive electronics, the problem of electromagnetic compatibility between electronic products has become more and more serious, directly related to the normal driving and safety performance of vehicles. In order to ensure the electromagnetic compatibility of automotive electronic products, the electromagnetic compatibility certification business for automotive electronic products has been extensively and thoroughly studied in various countries and regions around the world.
1 Certification system and EMC requirements for foreign automotive electronic products
In the United States, Japan, the European Union and other countries and regions, the electromagnetic compatibility requirements of automotive electronic products have been incorporated into the certification management system.
Take the European market as an example. Vehicles or automotive electronics that currently enter the 1:3 European market must pass the ECE regulations and EU directives. Radio interference suppression content is an important part of the ECE automotive technical regulation structure system, and the RIO part of the ECE regulations is the uniform regulation on electromagnetic compatibility in vehicle approval. Among the EU directives, Directive 72/245/EC also specifies electromagnetic compatibility requirements.
At the same time, as the support of the certification system, foreign standards for electromagnetic compatibility of automotive electronics products have been improved, including regional regulations, association (organization) standards, national standards, corporate standards. The requirements for electromagnetic compatibility of automotive electronic products have a distinctive feature, that is, the automobile manufacturers of several major brands in the world have important voices in the relevant association standards. They all have enterprise standards that combine the characteristics of their own automobile products, and the testing items are comprehensive and testing requirements. More rigorous, testing technology research is more in-depth, and often use their own corporate standards as the certification requirements for the procurement of automotive electronics. At present, the standards for electromagnetic compatibility of automotive electronic products are mainly represented by ISO and IEC standards. Compared with the requirements of major auto manufacturers, its technical content is mainly to study representative projects with versatility and technology. It also proposes a wide range of applicability requirements. As an association standard, it is often used as a reference or reference for recommended methods in various certification requirements. National standards, such as EU standards, Japanese national standards, etc., are based on the equivalent use of ISO and IEC standards, and are used for certification requirements of various countries. However, the requirements of European and American countries for automotive electronic products often give power to regulations (instructions), such as ECE (European Economic Commission) regulations, and the requirements for conformity assessment, ie, limits, are required for certification. In addition, such as the EU (EU) use directives, the US DOT (US Department of Transportation) and the EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) use regulations, as the basis and requirements for certification.
The main testing items and standards for automotive electronics include: radiated and conducted emissions (CISPR 25); conducted transient emissions (ISO 7637-2); radiated immunity, conducted immunity (ISO 11452 series); Discharge immunity (ISO 10605); conducted transient immunity (ISO 7637 series standard).
Foreign countries also have strict requirements for automotive electronics testing laboratories. If they want to become the contract testing laboratory of the three major automobile brands in the United States, they must pass the strict A2LA/AEMCLRP certification. At present, although relevant foreign laboratories have passed the certification, Chinese local laboratories currently have few capabilities to pass AEMCLRP certification.
2 Status of EMC Certification for Automotive Electronics in China
The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine and the National Certification and Accreditation Administration issued the No. 33 Announcement in 2001, the first batch of product catalogues for compulsory product certification, which stipulates compulsory certification of automotive products including automobiles, motorcycles, and motorcycles. Parts, motor vehicle tires and safety glass. Four years later, the relevant departments issued the No. 137 Announcement of 2005, “Production of Motor Vehicle Parts and Components Catalogue for Compulsory Product Certificationâ€, which stipulated that category ll motor vehicle parts and components must pass compulsory product certification. These include motor vehicle lighting products, motor vehicle retroreflectors, vehicle driving recorders, body reflective signs, automotive brake hoses, motor vehicle rearview mirrors, motor vehicle horns, automotive fuel tanks, door locks and door hinges, interior materials. , seat and headrest. So far, the number of motor vehicle parts that have implemented compulsory product certification (CCC certification) has increased from the original safety glass, seat belts, tires, motorcycle engines, and motorcycle helmets to the current 16 items. View the implementation rules of related products, mainly related to the performance index requirements and driving safety requirements of motor vehicles and parts, and there are only a handful of electromagnetic compatibility requirements for automotive electronic products.
At present, in China's compulsory certification (CCC) business, there are only two standards for electromagnetic compatibility emission certification projects for automobiles and automotive electronic products, namely GB 14023 "vehicles, motor boats and devices driven by spark-ignition engines" Limits and Stars Methodology and GB/T 18387 "Limits and Measurement Methods for Electromagnetic Field Radiation Intensity of Electric Vehicles Broadband 9 kHz to 30 MHz", and these two standards only apply to the electromagnetic compatibility requirements of the entire vehicle.
Among the automotive electronic products, electronically controlled door locks, external lighting and optical signal products, power seats, anti-theft alarm systems and other products are in the scope of CCC certification, some of which involve electromagnetic compatibility projects, but the test items are typically less typical and partially The project adopts the technical indicators of information technology equipment as the requirements for automotive electronic product certification. For example, the burglar alarm system only evaluates electromagnetic field immunity, electrostatic discharge immunity, and electrical fast transient burst immunity.
The European Union, the United States, Japan and other countries have put forward relatively perfect requirements for the electromagnetic compatibility of automotive electronic products. For example, the interference indicators of automotive electronic products must ensure that the radio and other electronic products in the car work normally, including radiation emission, conducted emission, transient conduction and other projects; in addition, the anti-interference ability of automotive electronic products, such as electrostatic discharge and electromagnetic field resistance, is required. For disturbances and other projects, the requirements of the indicators are proposed for the characteristics of automobile products, and there are certain differences with the certification of domestic automotive electronic products. At the same time, the anti-interference project also includes the simulation assessment of various transient interference waveforms, and the anti-interference ability of automotive electronic products. Propose more realistic requirements. In contrast, China's certification requirements for automotive electronic products cannot fully evaluate the electromagnetic compatibility of automotive electronic products.
3 China should establish a standard system for automotive electronic product certification as soon as possible
In recent years, a number of national standards concerning the electromagnetic compatibility of automotive electronics have been promulgated. The content covers the two aspects of electromagnetic compatibility, such as emission and anti-interference, covering radiation emission, conducted emission, radiation immunity, electrostatic discharge, and conducted immunity. Degrees and other projects.
So far, China Automotive Electronics and Electromagnetic Compatibility Subcommittee
The meeting (SAC/TCl 141SC29) converts the international standards for electromagnetic compatibility of automotive electronic products into national standards:
· GB/T 17619--1998, electromagnetic radiation immunity limits and measurement methods for automotive electrical and electronic components;
· GBtl '19951--2005 (ISO 10605), an electrical disturbance test method for road vehicles caused by electrostatic discharge;
GB/T 21437.1—2008 (ISO 7637-I), Electrical disturbances caused by conduction and coupling of road vehicles - Part 1: Definitions and general description;
· GIVI "21437.2---2008 (ISO 7637-2), Electrical disturbances caused by conduction and coupling of road vehicles - Part 2: Electrical transient conduction along the power line.
The National Radio Interference Standardization Technical Committee D (SAC/TC791SC3) converts the international standards for electromagnetic compatibility of automotive electronic products into national standards:
GB 18655--2002 (CISPR 25:1995), limits and measurement methods for the protection of radio disturbance characteristics of on-board receivers.
Compared with international standards, China's electromagnetic compatibility standards for automotive electronic products are still in the process of improvement. There are still many relevant international standards to be studied and gradually transformed into national standards. There is no standard system for certification in China, such as the selection of technical indicators, the tailoring of assessment items, and the lack of national conditions, the performance of independent brands of automobiles and the status quo of China's automotive electronics.
There are polarizations in the electromagnetic compatibility of domestic automotive electronics. Since some automotive electronic products need to be exported to the European and American markets, they must pass the relevant electromagnetic compatibility regulations or directives, so the products should consider electromagnetic compatibility problems at the beginning of design. Some automotive electronic products are supplied domestically and belong to the later auxiliary or expansion system. There is no relevant electromagnetic compatibility certification and regulatory requirements, and the product quality is worrying. It will have certain impact on the quality and personal safety of the automobile during the use process.
Considering the above situation, the preliminary technical research on the electromagnetic compatibility certification of domestic automotive electronic products is urgent. On the one hand, through the certification of the project, the electromagnetic compatibility is controlled before the product is exported or before the domestic sales; In terms of the recognition of Chinese brands, it lays the foundation for Chinese brands to enter the international market and to achieve mutual recognition with international certification requirements or automotive manufacturers' requirements.
4 Thinking about new energy vehicles
New energy vehicles refer to the use of unconventional vehicle fuels as a power source (or the use of conventional vehicle fuels, the use of new vehicle power units), integrated vehicle power control and drive technology, the formation of advanced technology, with New technology and new structure of the car. New energy vehicles include: hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), pure electric vehicles (BEV), fuel cell vehicles (FCEV), hydrogen engine vehicles and gas vehicles, alcohol ether vehicles, and so on.
According to relevant information, under the pressure of energy and environmental protection, new energy vehicles will undoubtedly become the development direction of future vehicles. During the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan†period, China's new energy vehicles will officially enter the stage of industrialization development: from 2011 to 2015, they will enter the stage of industrialization, and comprehensively promote new energy city buses, hybrid cars and small electric vehicles. During the “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan†period, from 2016 to 2020, China will further popularize new energy vehicles and multi-energy hybrid vehicles. Plug-in electric cars, hydrogen fuel cell cars will gradually enter the ordinary family.
China's CCC-certified motor vehicle compulsory certification implementation rules, in the automotive products section, stipulates electric vehicle-specific items, in addition to safety requirements, the electromagnetic field radiation intensity of electric vehicles is required to comply with GB/T 18387--2001 Limits and methods for measuring the electromagnetic field radiation intensity of electric vehicles - Broadband 9 kHz to 30 MHz)) (Limited according to SAE J551-5:1997); In addition, in the special project for hybrid electric vehicles, the requirements for electric vehicles are required. Safety requirements.
The electromagnetic compatibility requirements for new energy vehicles and the electromagnetic compatibility requirements and new standards for new energy vehicle electronic products in the CCC mandatory certification implementation rules are few and far between. With the rapid development of the application of new energy vehicles, the production, sales and government subsidy planning for domestic electric vehicles have begun to be implemented. Therefore, electronic products used in new energy vehicles also need to be certified, and relevant electromagnetic compatibility certification. Requirements should also meet the needs of technological development and market development.
At the same time, it is necessary for domestic and international standardization organizations to carry out relevant research on electromagnetic compatibility testing standards. Based on the standard research of existing automotive electronic products, the electromagnetic disturbance and anti-interference ability of automotive electronic products under the new energy state are studied. . The series of standards for rail transit EN 50121, due to the large amount of research data in the research of electric energy vehicles, the design of its test methods, the design of the working conditions of the equipment under test, the design of test items, and related requirements will be new energy automotive electronics. The development of electromagnetic compatibility standards for products provides a more valuable reference solution.
5 Conclusion
In summary, the establishment of China's automotive electronic product certification system is imperative, and electromagnetic compatibility compliance evaluation is an important part of certification. It is recommended that the following work be carried out as soon as possible in conjunction with the characteristics of automotive electronics.
(1) The certification body uses existing electronic product and automotive product certification experience to explore and research the certification scheme for automotive (including new energy vehicles) electronic products, conduct certification and mapping work for a certain type of products, and systematically develop automotive electronic products. The electromagnetic compatibility test work lays the foundation.
(2) The standard-setting unit should work with the automobile manufacturer to improve the electromagnetic compatibility standards of automotive (including new energy vehicles) electronic products. While studying international standards and advanced standards of foreign auto manufacturers, it is also necessary to combine the characteristics of the Chinese auto industry to introduce national standards for automotive electronic product certification as soon as possible.
(3) The domestic testing institutes' laboratories need to master the internationally advanced electromagnetic compatibility testing methods, and strive to obtain the laboratory accreditation of foreign auto manufacturers, and carry out comparative experiments and proficiency testing activities between the same industry; on this basis, domestically Automotive electronics products carry out systematic testing and research work and accumulate first-hand data.
The above work will help to enhance the international competitiveness of China's automotive electronics products, gain a broader market prospect, and expand the share of China's automotive electronics certification in the international certification market.
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