The blockchain has developed to the present, and many different forms of blockchain technology have been produced. With the development of technology, it is generally accepted that blockchain has entered the 2.0 era. Blockchain 1.0 is a decentralized digital currency blockchain system represented by Bitcoin, while 2.0 is a blockchain system that introduces smart contracts.
In the blockchain system that supports smart contracts, Hyperledger Fabric (contributed by IBM) to the Linux Foundation and Ethereum (Ethereum) created and managed by the Ethereum Foundation led by Vitalik Buterin are two typical examples. These two blockchain systems have completely different design ideas, which fully reflect the difference between the traditional corporate information system thinking design mode (Fabric) and the blockchain fundamentalist thinking design mode.
Let's first look at Ethereum. Ethereum is a very typical blockchain system affected by the Bitcoin (Bitcoin) architecture. Its most typical feature is that the chain is the foundation. All trust comes from a secure chained data structure based on Hash cryptography. On the basis of this trust, all functions are structured.
For Fabric, the system must have a beautiful technical architecture: pluggable modular design, high scalability, high cohesion and low coupling. In a beautiful technical architecture, each module is called to construct a function-chain. Each time a function is added, the existing chain can be used or a new chain can be created.
Ethereum uses a virtual machine to implement smart contracts. The virtual machine in Ethereum is called EVM, which is a lightweight sandbox execution environment. In order to make smart contracts more convenient, Ethereum developers have created a new language to write smart contracts. The most popular EVM programming language is Solidity. A major feature of EVM is that it can only read and write data on the chain, and data off-chain can only be passed to the smart contract by the caller through function parameters when the smart contract is called. (This feature of EVM ensures that the result of the smart contract is certain, and will not cause different results due to the execution of different nodes.) The smart contract itself and the call process of the smart contract (or the transaction using the smart contract) will be recorded On the chain.
Therefore, we can see that in the architecture of Ethereum, the "chain" is the anchor of trust, and all trust comes from the chain.
And Fabric uses the Docker mechanism to implement smart contracts. Compared with Ethereum's EVM, Docker can be regarded as a heavyweight sandbox execution environment. Due to the characteristics of Docker, Fabric can use many languages ​​to develop smart contracts, as well as many library functions and system functions. Therefore, Fabric's smart contracts are more flexible (for example, it can communicate with IoT devices), but this flexibility The nature also leads to the risk that different nodes may produce different results after execution and cannot reach a consensus. With the introduction of Channel, Fabric's smart contracts are directly deployed on certain nodes. Each smart contract can create a new chain, or share a chain with other smart contracts. "Chain" in the Fabric architecture is equivalent to a storage space shared by several nodes participating in the function when a certain function is implemented.
After understanding the difference between the implementation of these two smart contracts, we will find the difference between the design ideas of these two typical blockchains-at which level of the architecture should the "chain" be located?
In blockchain fundamentalism, since everyone is not credible, they can only believe in a complete data system chained by the Hash algorithm. In the consortium chain oriented to inter-enterprise applications, since nodes require identity authentication to join, the credibility is higher. Therefore, as long as some key data reach a consensus to achieve credibility.
It is precisely because of this difference in design thinking that in Ethereum, all smart contracts run on the same chain, and everyone shares a trusted infrastructure; while in Fabric, one application corresponds to one chain, and the entire system consists of It consists of many sub-chains, and these sub-chains share a basic mutual trust infrastructure.
From the perspective of system architecture, Ethereum is a complete infrastructure and will not be taken apart for use. Although the internal design of Ethereum is highly coupled, each module is highly dependent, and even the entire system relies on some basic smart contracts (such as Ethereum contracts), but this can be seen as the cohesion of the entire infrastructure. of.
And Fabric is more like a blockchain cloud service platform, which allows users to easily use each module on the basic platform to create a chain and then implement one application. Therefore, Fabric is a platform for low coupling design.
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