Many friends who come into contact with robots or microcontrollers are often confused by a wide variety of microcontrollers. What is the difference between them? Which microcontroller is better for making robots? When we choose a microcontroller, what shortcuts can quickly master and apply this type of microcontroller? This paper attempts to interpret the above problems in an easy-to-understand way, and designs an example of a deep-ended single-chip control robot, hoping to play a role in attracting jade. I share with you some of my experience with MCUs, hoping to make beginners less confused and open up the already-introduced friends.
In the previous article we have already said:
The difference and connection between a single chip microcomputer and CPU and personal computer
Second, what control robots do people use before the birth of the one - chip computer?
　　 Three entry preferred AT89S51 series MCU
The following will continue the previous article
Four enthusiasts make robots preferred AVR series microcontroller
1 Introduction
The AVR MCU is an enhanced RISC (Reduced Instruction Set CPU) RISC instruction set high-speed 8-bit MCU developed by ATMEL in 1997. High reliability, high functionality, high speed, low power consumption and low price have always been important indicators to measure the performance of single-chip microcomputers, while AVR microcontrollers are typical high-performance microcontrollers.
Early MCUs, such as 51 MCUs, used a higher division factor to divide the clock in order to improve reliability (to prevent data misreading or running away), resulting in a long instruction cycle and slow execution speed. For example, a 51 MCU requires 12 crystal oscillator cycles to form a single machine cycle, and many instructions require 2 machine cycles to execute. The introduction of AVR microcontroller completely breaks the old design pattern, abolishes the machine cycle, uses a reduced instruction set, takes a short instruction cycle, and can prefetch instructions to achieve pipeline operations, so it can execute instructions at high speed. The AVR microcontroller can execute 12 instructions in 12 crystal oscillator cycles. From this point of view, if the crystal frequency is the same, the speed of the AVR is 12 to 24 times that of 51.
The AVR has 32 general-purpose registers. When performing a large number of complex operations, the 32 registers of the AVR can be equivalent to the 32 accumulators of 51, which overcomes the bottleneck caused by the single-accumulator data processing of the 51-series MCU, and the speed in complex operations. More than 5 times faster than 51. It can be seen how slow 51 is compared to AVR and how fast AVR is.
AVR series MCU integrates multiple AD converters, voltage comparators, ISP, I2C, JTAG bus circuit, UART serial port, high-power IO port, watchdog and other practical circuits, and many AVR MCU models have EEPROM, FLASH, SRAM three kinds of memory, can realize real-time modification of the contents of the program memory, that is, the AVR MCU can modify its own program. At the same time, AVR can work in a wide voltage range (2.7 ~ 6.0V), and some can actually work at 1.8V. These performances are just a few of the many features of the AVR, but the 51 series of microcontrollers has been out of reach.
The price of such a high-performance single-chip microcomputer is almost the same as that of the 51 single-chip microcomputer. For example, the price of the ATmega8 is about 8 yuan, and the ATmega16 is about 13 yuan. This is a true portrayal of the AVR with a very high cost performance.
2 performance
AVR family Ding Xingwang, including ATinyAVR (micro-mini), low-power class, ATmegaAVR high-middle and low-end 5 types of microcontroller. They are all based on the same core technology, but there are some differences in how the circuits are integrated internally. Whether you want to do electronic watches or video processing, there is a suitable AVR microcontroller to meet your needs.
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